順酐的生產(chǎn)工藝主要有以下幾種：

The production processes of maleic anhydride mainly include the following:

　　水蒸汽分餾法：這種方法的原料氣是合成氨廠尾氣中提取出來的氫氣，含碳約5%，因此也被稱為富碳法。工藝流程包括原料氣的預(yù)凈化和提濃，催化劑的制備及催化反應(yīng)物的分離精制。首先，在催化劑存在的情況下將含有大量雜質(zhì)的原料氣體進(jìn)行預(yù)凈化處理，使雜質(zhì)濃度降至10ppm以下或更低。然后，通過提濃步驟獲得合格的成品。催化劑的制備涉及將一定量的金屬氧化物作為催化劑加入到反應(yīng)器中進(jìn)行還原焙燒。

Steam distillation method: The raw gas used in this method is hydrogen gas extracted from the tail gas of the ammonia plant, which contains about 5% carbon, and is also known as the carbon rich method. The process flow includes pre purification and concentration of feed gas, preparation of catalyst, and separation and refinement of catalytic reactants. Firstly, in the presence of a catalyst, the raw gas containing a large amount of impurities is pre purified to reduce the impurity concentration to below 10ppm or lower. Then, qualified finished products are obtained through the concentration step. The preparation of catalysts involves adding a certain amount of metal oxides as catalysts to the reactor for reduction roasting.

　　苯氧化法：這是生產(chǎn)順酐的傳統(tǒng)工藝技術(shù)。主要工藝流程是將苯蒸汽和空氣（或氧氣）按照一定的比例混合，在釩鉬氧化物系催化劑下作用，在固定床反應(yīng)器中氧化生成順酐混合氣。然后，經(jīng)過氣體冷卻器初步降溫，在部分冷凝器中捕集部分液體粗酐。未被冷凝的氣態(tài)順酐用水或溶劑吸收，制得精酐。液態(tài)順酐在包裝工序冷卻壓制為成品。苯氧化法的主要工藝包括Alusuisle/UCB法、美國SD法和日本觸媒化學(xué)法等。

Benzene oxidation method: This is a traditional process technology for producing maleic anhydride. The main process flow is to mix benzene vapor and air (or oxygen) in a certain proportion, act on vanadium molybdenum oxide catalysts, and oxidize in a fixed bed reactor to generate a mixed gas of maleic anhydride. Then, after initial cooling through a gas cooler, a portion of liquid crude anhydride is captured in some condensers. Unsaturated gaseous maleic anhydride is absorbed by water or solvent to produce phthalic anhydride. Liquid maleic anhydride is cooled and compressed into finished products during the packaging process. The main processes of benzene oxidation include Alusuisile/UCB method, SD method in the United States, and catalytic chemical method in Japan.

　　其他方法：除了上述兩種主要方法外，還有脫氣乙烯法、鄰醋酸酐法和煤化工法等。脫氣乙烯法是將乙烯在酒石酸的催化下進(jìn)行脫氫，得到丙烯醛，再將丙烯醛進(jìn)行脫氮、脫氧得到順酐。鄰醋酸酐法是以鄰醋酸酐為原料，經(jīng)過氧氣氧化脫羧反應(yīng)生成順酐。煤化工法是利用煤作為原料，在高溫下進(jìn)行熱解生成氣體，再進(jìn)行氧化、脫羧等反應(yīng)最終得到順酐。

Other methods: In addition to the two main methods mentioned above, there are also degassing ethylene method, ortho acetic anhydride method, and coal chemical method. The degassing ethylene method is to dehydrogenate ethylene under the catalysis of tartaric acid to obtain acrolein, which is then denitrified and deoxygenated to obtain maleic anhydride. The ortho acetic anhydride method uses ortho acetic anhydride as the raw material and undergoes oxygen oxidation decarboxylation reaction to generate maleic anhydride. The coal chemical method uses coal as a raw material, undergoes pyrolysis at high temperature to generate gas, and then undergoes oxidation, decarboxylation, and other reactions to finally obtain maleic anhydride.

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